Organicrxns

  AlphaFold is an artificial intelligence (AI) system developed by DeepMind that can predict the 3D structure of proteins with high accuracy. This is a major breakthrough, as it has been very difficult to predict protein structures accurately using traditional methods. AlphaFold was first announced in 2018, and it has since been refined and improved. In 2020, AlphaFold achieved a major milestone by winning the CASP14 competition, which is a yearly competition to predict protein structures. AlphaFold's predictions were more accurate than those of any other competing system. AlphaFold works by using a combination of deep learning and protein folding simulations. Deep learning is a type of machine learning that allows computers to learn from data. Protein folding simulations are computer models that can predict how proteins fold into their three-dimensional structures. AlphaFold is trained on a massive dataset of protein sequences and structures. This dataset includes proteins from a

Hybridization The outer most shell of an atom is the ones that involves in the bonding and its number of electrons determine the number of bonds the atom needs to reach the octet. The shell may compose of just one orbital(e.g. in the case of hydrogen), or more than one orbital (e.g. the carbon atom) it contain both S orbital and three P orbitals. We all know that S orbital is in different energy level than P orbital, so if the carbon atom is going to form four bonds to reach the octet is it going to be one S orbital forming one bond and the three P orbital forming the other remaining three bonds, end up with different bonds energies(i.e two bons energies one form S and the others are from P). Actually what they found all the four bonds have the same amount of energies when reacting with the same element(the bond energy may vary when carbon bond with different elements). What has happened? First the orbital within the shell are 2S 2P the S containing 2 electrons and 2 of the 3 P orbital

 Eletronegativity:  It is the ability of an atom to attract the electrons(usually the shared electrons in the bond). The electronegativity can be measured by Linus Pauling   scale it has no unit and rang from 0.7 for Cesium(Cs) and Francium(Fr), the lowest values in the periodic table to 4.0 for Flour (F) the highest value in the periodic table. There are a periodic table found with each atom value in textbook or the internet. The electronegativity is increasing going from left to right and from bottom to top in the periodic table. The electronegativity difference between to bonded atoms determine whither the bond is covalent, polar covalent, or ionic as follow: The electronegativity difference between atoms ranking bonds as follow: 1- Covalent (Non-polar) has difference less than 0.5 . 2- Polar covalent bond between 0.5-1.9. 3-  Ionic bond usually higher than 1.9. The above values may vary from source to other. Electronegativity is affected by  ionization energy and electron affinit

 Definition:  Ionic bond is the electrostatic interaction (attractions) which occurs between the positively charged ion and the negatively charged ion . How does it forms: It forms when electropositive element compelety transfer one or two electrons to and electronegative element, in this process one loses electrons (gaining positive charge) and the other gains electron (become negatively charged) , now positive and negative charges attract each other, forming ionic bond. But which element will loses the electrons and which one is the gainer?  the elements at the left side of periodic table looses electrons those are the least electronegative elements in the periodic table i.e electropositive. the electronegativity will increase going to the right in the periodic table , and from bottom to top, some the elements at the right sight of the periodic table are the one with highest electronegativity so those are the one who gain electrons becoming negatively charged. In the middle of peri

 HI is the most acidic one of them followed by HBr and last HCl. But why? As the more acidic compound the the one tend to dissociate more and release hydrogen ions in the media, as dissociation occurs the anion part in emerging in case of HCl, chloride ion is formed and so one Bromide and iodide. As you already know that the charge on the atom makes it less stable than the neutral atom. now if you took a break and overlooked the periodic table, and focused on group 7A(the halogens), you will see from top to bottom Cl comes above Br and the followed by I. And the atoms are growing bigger in size as deciding down the column then the size ranking is as follow; the iodide ion the the biggest followed by bromide and the chloride is the smallest. Now the bigger atoms has the ability to distribute the negative charge in a larger space than the smaller atoms, so the iodide ion can distribute the negative charge in a larger area more the bromide ion, and bromide can distribute the negative char

 Why atoms bond together? All form of movement or interaction in the universe is for one goal only, reaching the stability. when atoms associate with each other (the resultant product is called molecule) it forms a more stable product(molecule) from the former separated atoms each on its own.  When we said stable its actually meant lower in energy i.e the atoms will release energy (usually in form of heat) to form a molecule which by default will contain lesser energy. In contrast breaking bond needs to apply energy. In general bond formation release energy ,bond breakage absorb energy. Some groups in the periodic table contain elements that there atoms are stable, so they do not react at all, called NOBLE ELEMENTS those are group 8A in the periodic table and those elements contain eight electrons (octet) at there outer shell (valence shell) except Helium it contain only two electrons, it seems as if all other elements in the periodic table are trying to mimic those elements in groups